Cervero think that program planning is not technical but social activity which includes ethical and political problems. Her theory can be accepted easily by novis program planners. Caffarella proposed an ‘interactive program’ which includes 11 components and 6 assumptions. Both books take attention to the activities of stakeholders in the program planning process. Caffarella, and the other is ‘Planning Responsibly for Adult Education’by R. In 1994, two books were published about adult education program planning theory, the one is “Planning Program for Adult Learners” by R. This characteristics is common with theories of M. They indicate a linear and step-by-step process in the planning situation, and adult education personnel can apply the manualized procedure in planning program. Traditionally, adult education program planning theories have a certain pattern which includes steps such as needs assesment, developing objectives, formulating instruction, and evaluation.
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